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[Music]

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[Applause]

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Thank You Julian since I was first one

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I'll just go ahead and say that I'm a

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little bit sheepish to be listed as a

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co-organizer for this and actually be

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the first pro I did not put myself as

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first here so please remember that the

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other people who get the credit here are

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Julie in particular Eric Parker and

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Jamie also cook Hosea Ponte and a few

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others they're listed somewhere in the

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program and I'm afraid that I was not

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very valuable to the team about

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contributing but they let me talk anyway

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anyway I'd like to talk about something

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fairly simple actually aliphatic

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compounds it's a group of compounds that

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are generally speaking not nearly as

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well studied as some of the aromatics

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that you heard about yesterday and a

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number of the aromatic speakers or their

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compounds are aromatic who are sitting

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here yesterday some of those people and

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so this is a different group so if

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you're if you're not familiar I'll show

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you a picture here in a few minutes so

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the other aliphatic the other cyclic

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organic compounds in case you don't know

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me let me just say that we see if this

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works yes we have a laboratory the

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Goddard Space Flight Center this could

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be pictures of any place this could be

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pictures University of Washington but

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trust me this is from near Washington DC

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this is actually our laboratory not just

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any generic pictures from Wikipedia and

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we do three things we do planetary

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science we do some interstellar

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chemistry interstellar astrophysics and

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we do astrobiology so over the 15 years

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or so we've been involved in Nai

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astrobiology has been a wonderful way to

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tie together those two to end members to

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extremes era planetary science and in

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interstellar chemistry so thank you very

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much I give the the commercial right

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here for the DNA I and the Goddard

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Center for astrobiology the things we

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study tend to be cold we think of

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ourselves as going from Mars outward you

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know the temperature of Mars is a little

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bit high on our range of the thermometer

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and we go outward towards us I guess

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we've done a small amount of Mars was so

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small amount of Jupiter and small about

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asteroids and going out really toward a

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Europa inclu toe and the interstellar

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medium and commentary Isis so this is

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sort of range we're talking about so

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almost everything whenever I give a talk

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it's it's focusing on the solid phase as

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opposed to the gas phase and I don't

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think in 30 years or whatever it's being

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I've ever talked about the liquid phase

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I'm not going to talk about

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a comet striking the ocean or something

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like that so here we go if you've taken

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organic chemistry seen this before her

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just been around the block you've heard

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of aromatic and aliphatic compounds so

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aromatics are there on the left the the

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famous benzene ring it was isolated by a

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Faraday and worked out by calculate some

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where in the 1800's and at the bottom

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there one of the early Meyer man I

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forgotten which Erlenmeyer it was well

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one of the early Myers worked out the

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the naphthalene down the bottom left I

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can point this down here you've heard of

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these and and these are interesting of

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course but for astrobiology maybe these

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are even more exciting the the nuclear

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bases that you find inside of you right

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now nucleobases are aromatic flat

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compounds have this so-called

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delocalization these are lines here in

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case you forgotten these mean extra

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electrons two extra electrons for every

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extra line there so these these are well

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steady there are lots of lots of work

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finding these things in meteorites

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looking for these things in interstellar

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space studying these things the

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laboratory studying these of course in

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vivo lots of work and so forth

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in contrast these have been not nearly

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as well studied the ring compounds of

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the right hand side there and part of

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the reason is that I'm a chemistry

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person and the chemists tend to have a

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little bit of a bias against these

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things over here because of the way that

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they they're bonded together here the

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sort of natural bonding that you find

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for carbon is bond angles like 109

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degrees or 110 or 120 and occasionally

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hundred eighty but once you start

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getting to bond angles like ninety

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degrees with the carbon the square and

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the triangle of 6000 the molecule is

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just not happy and we know this because

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of a man named Adolf von Behr who got

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the Nobel Prize for working this out

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over a hundred years ago who told us

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that these molecules are what he called

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strained if you look at these the wrong

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way they began to react and to break

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apart and to isomerize and things like

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that there none of these compounds like

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this as sort of saturated compounds have

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all the four bonds taking care of with

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four atoms none of these things are

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really known you know definitively

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floating around the interstellar medium

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they're still looking for these things

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and I'll come back to that before we're

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done just because we have a little bit

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of a bias against these in our minds and

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as a canvas doesn't mean that that

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nature has a bias because you do find it

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that these things are out there in

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nature and I never really knew this

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until about a year ago

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when we had a student working on this

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and she went to an old-fashioned library

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and found some old-fashioned books and

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actually books one of those things we

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used to have before we had the internet

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and she found that there there are

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natural products that you have in nature

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natural products in nature that that

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have these three membered rings and

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there's a triangle here and a triangle

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over here somewhere and amino acid

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steroids and so forth and I never knew

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this I never knew that you had

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cyclopropyl rings just kind of floating

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around us I thought this is something

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you bought from the signal altars

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chemical company and so forth but it

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turns out there aren't natural products

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nature is not as biased against these as

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maybe we ourselves are sometimes and so

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we began to wonder what what is that

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it's known about this from the point of

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view of low-temperature chemistry and

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why haven't we found some of these

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things in the interstellar or our cold

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environments and we looked in the

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literature and we found that one problem

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is a lot of the things we'd like to know

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about these things just or not have not

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been studied just things like you know

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how do you make these in cold

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environments there's a little bit of

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work on that fundamental properties with

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some of these molecules stability and

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radiation environments radiations

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essentially everywhere once you get

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below a meter or so and Europa you've

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still got you know you've got to worry

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about radiation once you get unless

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you're up meters below reaction

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chemistry you know lots of liquid phase

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chemistry gas phase chemistry

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biochemists but solid phase chemistry

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lots of cold environments in space this

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sort of work just hasn't been done so

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I'm going to blast through a few simple

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things here and then I'm going to stop

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and we'll go to the next speaker so here

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a few a few things synthesis okay

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sometimes we get the idea that these

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meetings at chemistry started or

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astrobiology started in the year 2000 it

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did not you know this first reaction up

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here is a century old this is called

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what's this called anybody knows shout

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it out if you know what the kind of

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reaction this is well epoxidation this

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epoxidation reaction it goes back at

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least a hundred years I don't know that

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the Ukrainian Journal of chemistry I

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think it was a reported the first first

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instance of epoxidation long ago so this

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is not unusual but but there had been

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people like Patrice Cole up here and

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from my colleague French colleague here

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Julie's a pro tree skull has studied

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this

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the simulated Titan atmosphere and found

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that just a little bit of oxygen then

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you can have hydrocarbons capturing the

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oxygen in Titan's atmosphere and

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starting to make a rings like this as

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ethylene oxide and the same type of

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reaction here this is a siege to carbon

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chemistry methylene you can make these

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same sort of triangles here this is not

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new this is a really old stuff and so

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for that reason we've not devoted much

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time to it you know it's all in the

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literature see me I'll give you the

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references it's easy to find if you have

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hydrocarbon deposits on Pluto and you do

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hydrocarbon deposits on Pluto you're

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going to get this sort of chemistry over

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here just it's just you can't stop it

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that's one of those things so we went on

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looking at other types of molecules with

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this ring structure here here are five

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that have the cyclopropyl ring structure

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and two two ethers over here these two

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are known as interstellar we recorded

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infrared spectra these things most of

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these things never been recorded there's

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some very nice isomerization processes

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that you can see up your conformational

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changes that you can study I'm not going

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to talk about that but instead just just

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saying something as simple it's what's

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the index refraction of cyclopropanes

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solid I don't know why anybody would

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ever want to know that but we did you

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know we want to know what's the what's

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the density of solid cyclopropane and so

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you go out and try to measure these

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things the literature and you just out

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of luck so if you study this sort of

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stuff what do you do what you do is you

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look up what the liquids are like use

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liquid phase data instead of solid phase

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data so liquids are here on the left on

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the star in the vertical and the

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horizontal is Isis and if you can see a

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correlation there please see me because

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we probably have a job for you later I

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cannot see a correlation any of that it

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looks like you know one of these things

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where my children would take a

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paintbrush and throw it up against the

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easel you know splatter or something

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like that and so you wonder about the

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validity of your measurements that this

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is what you're getting do it do we waste

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our time for a month trying to do all

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this sort of stuff but there is a way

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believe it or not that you can combine

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these two things here and start to check

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to see if you've done your job well see

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if you've made you me and you have to be

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over 55 I think to understand this it's

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a property called molar refraction which

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has hardly ever taught any more molar

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refraction it's a way that you can

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combine these two things together which

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looks like nonsense and come up with

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something that seems to make sense and

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so here it is even if you've never heard

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the words molar refraction but

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or I hope you'll be impressed by that

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straight line the straight line

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everybody likes and this is just

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something's not taught very often

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anymore the motor except maybe the

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engineers and some material scientists

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so we're very happy when we got this

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this told us what we were measuring

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these things properly molar a fraction

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of a solid versus liquid and we get a

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nice pretty straight line that's one

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example of what we call a fundamental

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property

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related to astrobiology instability and

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radiation environments we measure how

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fast these things these molecules are

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destroyed if you expose these to

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ionizing radiation at a low temperature

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and I've just picked six molecules up

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here the stars with cyclopropane you

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know the mother of all these things the

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parent the archetype and then

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cyclopropanes here if we let ethylene

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oxide just give it a number one to

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normalize everything and what this means

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is it takes 32 times as much radiation

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to destroy half your benzene sample as

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it does the ethylene oxide and so the

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important part here is the cyclopropane

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is not you know on the extremes it's in

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the middle here somewhere all these

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other things have been found in various

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places in extraterrestrial environments

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ethylene oxide propylene oxide first

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chiral molecule found in in space of

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years ago in space from both radio

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telescopes so cyclopropanes sort of in

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the middle and if you want their actual

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data you know don't go and hack JPL or

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god or anything like that just asked me

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will give it to you you know what we

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don't we don't have any secrets here

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anything like they just ask us and we'll

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give you the data we can tell you sort

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of a rough idea you know how long one of

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these molecules these three membered

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rings hang around and europa not long

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you know we're talking about years here

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you know nasa wisely does not let me

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speak officially but unofficially as a

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scientist i would say that you need to

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dig down a metre so before you really

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get to the good stuff on a place like

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Europa the radiation is going to tear

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you up on the surface the interstellar

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medium these things last a long long

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time millions of years but it's going to

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be a long time before we get to the

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interstellar medium flying space travel

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here's the trick the radio astronomers

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use when they want to find something

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that has no dipole moment nice beautiful

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symmetrical molecules like benzene what

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they do is to stick a CN group on this

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thing this gives it a whopping dipole

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moment it's like a flag you know waving

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the flag Here I am and so what we've

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proposed is the same sort of thing if

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you want to find cyclopropane no dipole

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moment what you do instead is you look

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for something in a

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Evon evolved it a cyano group here and

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so naturally we have to to see what sort

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of reactions that thing will undergo and

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so here's one radiation this has been

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known since I guess the 1930s this thing

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of summarizes this is some work I did

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with Marlon more some years ago but this

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one does the same thing we've measured

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this reaction we looked at this hope to

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publish this in the next next few months

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and so you get a nice isomerization this

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is a place I will invite collaboration

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because this smells awful it is like

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what's the words fat you know there's

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old literature papers foul evil you know

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all those words like that it smells

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terrible but you really do get this sort

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of our summarization maybe that's not

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important what's important is that it

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doesn't just fall apart you know that

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you do get these rings with a certain

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stability the same story of stability

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that you find with molecules are already

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known to be interstellar Julie how we

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doing for time we've got done okay so

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let's just wrap it up real quickly what

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have we done you know we took a simple

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molecule here simple moment cyclopropane

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and some of its derivatives and we

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mentioned some physical properties we've

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got IR spectra at low temperatures you

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know we can actually study these things

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in laboratory we can quantify the

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samples now six months ago couldn't do

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that we measured stabilities looking at

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reaction chemistry and we've got a

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search strategy for you so what I've

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been saying for about six months now is

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seek and you shall find some rings so

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thank you there's nothing here that

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sacred take all the pictures you want